Mahni ram kan chan thin Development vanga tawrhna

¢ Lalhruaitluanga Chawngte

Khawtlang nun leh politics-a ngelngheh lohna avangin India hmarchhak hian harsatna a tawk nasa hle a, chu chuan rawlrala chetna leh chi leh chi innghirnghona te a hringchhuak a ni. He harsatna - politics-a ngelngheh lohna hian nghawng pahnih a nei: chi leh chi inmu leh arna leh sorkar laka helna. Silai leka rammute hian khawtlang nun leh ei leh bara intluktlanna te, ram humhalh duhna te, politics lama mahni chanvo te leh mahni rama thuneitu nih duhna, zalenna thlakhlelhna te chu thupuiah an neih tlangpui a nih hi. Chuti a nih chuan, chi leh chi inkara inhriatthiam lohna thleng thin leh politics boruak che vel chu thil inkawp, kal dun rial tihna a nih chu.


Dik chiah chuan, khawtlang nun leh politics-a harsatna tleh mek hian hmarchhak hi a tibuai nasa em em a, chutih laiin India lah chuan hmarchhak chu firfiaka chetna hluarna hmun, hmun ralmuang lovah a ngai lehnghal. Hmarchhak bial dinhmun tak tak hrethiam pha hi chu mi tlem te chauh an ni reng a ni. Ram leilung enkawl dan danglam ta lutuk hian nitin nun, culture, vantlang ram leh mimal chanvo a khawih nasa hle. Chuvangin, ram leilung kan sawisak dan leh leilung hausakna haichhuah dan phung hi hmarchhak boruak sawisatu hrang hrang zingah a pawimawh ber ti pawhin sawi ta ila kan tisual tampui awm lo e. Chu chu politics-a mitdelna hrinchhuah lian tak a ni.

Hemi kawnga harsatna hi hmarchhak state tin deuh thawin kan tawk. Entirnan, 1990 chhovah khan Manipur-ah chuan chi leh chi inkarah buaina a chhuak nasa hle; Naga leh Kuki, Meitei leh Pangal, Paite leh Kuki inkarah te. Meitei-ho chuan Naga-ho thil phut, Naga chenna bial zawng Naga rama rinluh chu theihtawpin an dodal a, hei vang hian kum zabi 21-na intan phat atangin he hnam pahnih inkar chu a chhe nghal hle a ni. Naga-ho thil ngiat, Naga insuihkhawmna ang hi thil thar a ni lo, mahni ram leh a hausakna humhalh tumna a ni.

Tripura pawh, tribal hovin tribal ni ve lote lakah an ram an chan nasat vangin he harsatna hian a tibuai hle. Raltlan leh dan lova lutru te'n an tibuai nasa a, a tawpah phei chuan a ram neitua te ber kha an ral tih tih ta hial mai. Ram dang atanga lutru, India mi-a pawm zui takte chu tunah chuan he state-a thuneitu ber ber an ni ta der mai a nih hi. Tihian, tribal-ho chuan non-tribal ho lakah mahni ram an hloh ta char char mai a ni.

Hmun dang pawh sawi tur a tam ang. Engpawhnise, India hmarchhak tribal-te hi an ram leilung nen an inzawm thuk hle a, chu chuan a leh a lingin innghirnghona a thlen a ni ber.

Hmarchhak mipuite economic hi ram leilung (land) leh ramngaw nen a inzawm hle. He thil, ramngaw hausakna leh economic system inzawmna thuk tak mai hi ram hman tangkai dan (land use system) nen a inzawm tlat bawk.

Khawtlangin thu a neihna, a huhova tangruala thil ti thin an ni a, ei leh bar zawn thua an inghahna ber pawh vantlang ram, tunlaia common property resources (CPRs) kan tih ang hi a ni. Chuvangin ramngaw an hman dan hian an khawtlang nun a kaihruai hle tih pawh a chiang mai awm e.

Mahse, chutiang kan awm lai chuan, kan inrin loh laiin mahni ram chu kan chan ta char char mai. Chu chuan hmarchhak hnam hrang hrangte hi min nghawng nasa hle a ni.

Mahni ram kan chan dan hi kawng hnihah a then phawk theih; chhung lam leh pawn lam thil (internal and external dynamism) tiin. Khawvel thar kan luh hnuah kan ram chu zawrhsumah a lo chang a, a remchan dan danin mahni ram kan hralh ta thin a ni. Chu chu a ni chhung lam thil vanga mahni ram kan chan thin dan chu. Tualchhung mi vekin an lei hi pawi lo deuh zawka ngaih a ni a, mahse, chu pawh chuan khawtlangah intluktlan lohna a thlen tho.

Pawn lam atanga nghawngtu ve thung chu hmasawnna hna, development project hrang hrangte hi a ni. Hmasawnna kan ti, 'modernisation' kan ti, hetiang thil thlen tum hian hma kan han la a, tin, sorkar lam lahin chutiang atan chuan dan an lo siam bawk. Tichuan, tribal te'n mahni ram kan chan ta duai duai mai. Sorkar dan siam lah hi mi tlem te thatpui theih chi a ni duh viau lehnghal. Pawn lam atanga nghawngtu dang leh chu hmun dang atanga pemlutte an ni. Heng hi hmasawnna hna hrang hrang, a bikin tuikhuah te, hetiang hi tribal ho ramah nghah a ni tlangpui a nih hi. Hei hian ram indaih lohna leh chi leh chi inkara inhriatthiam lohna a thlen duh hle.

Nghawngtu lian zawk a la awm cheu, chu chu mi tlem te rorelna, tribal ho customary law pawisa map lova siam dante (law) hi. Hetiang dan hian tribal-te chu ram neitu nihna a pek miau loh avangin pawn lam atanga pemlutte tan remchang a siam nasa hle. Heng dante hi sorkar buatsaih mah ni se, tribal-ho tana tha lo leh remchang lo a ni duh khawp. Modernisation chhuanlama hmangin tribal ho nunphung leh customary law te chu her danglam a ni a, tichuan, a tawpah a ram neitu dik tribal-ho chuan mahni ram kan chan ta thin a ni. Tribal-ho enkawl nan dan leh rorelna har leh khirhkhan pui pui hman a ni fo a, kan customary law pawm a nihna hmunah ngei pawh hei hian harsatna a siam nasa hle tho. Mahni ram enkawl leh khuahkhirh hi hmakhawsang atang tawha kan lo chin dan a ni a, a huhova thil ti chi kan nih avangin kan ram enkawl dan pawh chutiang zawnga kalpui chu a ni tlangpui. Chung chu hmasawn tawhte khawvela judicial system leh state law (sorkar dan) nen chuan chhim leh hmar ang hlauhva inhlat a ni ta thin a nih hi.

Kan hnam kalphung leh state law inang lo ta thin lutuk chungchang hi ngaihtuah fe tham a ni. Tihah chuan tribal te chu kan lo fing tawk lovin, tunlai politics khawvelah pawh kan mit a lo meng tawk lo a, chu chu kan tuar leh si. Kan nitin nun leh eizawn dan phung te zah lo lekin kan chungah sorkar dan lek a ni a, tichuan, hmasawnna leh tunlaina kawr phenah tribal te'n chhiatrupna kan tawng ta fo mai a ni. Hei hi mahni bil leh chibila inhunghran tumna siamtu lian tak a ni nghe nghe.

Hmarchhaka hnam hrang hrang te'n mahni kawng kawng hmasawnna kawng kan zawh lai hian, 'modernisation' khawvel nen kan innang ta a, chu chu development atana hnathawh hi a ni. Hei hian a hnam pum min khawih a, hmeichheho a khawih dan hi a nasa hle bawk. Hmasawnna hna, development project kalpui a nih dan hi ram neitu nih dan phung thlaktu lian tak a ni.

Modernisation nghawngchhuah pakhat chu development project a ni. Assam sorkar chhinchhiah dan chuan 1947-2000 chhungin Assam-ah ram acre ram acre 14,01,184.8 vela zau chu development project atan hman a ni tia sawi a ni a, mi 19,09,368 teh meuh a nghawng nghe nghe. A awmzia chu, development project kha mimal ram leh vantlang ramah an kalpui a, a tuartu an tam hle tihna a ni.

Hmarchhak hi hydro-power siam nana hmun tha a ni. March ni 24, 2003-ah khan khatih laia prime minister AB Vajpayee chuan hmarchhakah hydro-power 50,000 MW siamchhuak thei tur project ruahmanna a hawng a nih kha (The Telegraph 25th May 2003). Arunachal Pradesh ringawt pawh hi power 40,000 MW vel siamchhuak theia chhut a ni. An chief minister hlui Mukut Mithi hun lai khan National Hydro-Power Corporation (NHPC) nen tuikhuah siam tur hian MoU an an lo siam nghe nghe. Siang Basin ringawt pawh hi power 6,000 MW pechhuak thei tura ngaih a ni. Project dang pawh an ngah mai.

Chu'ng chu kan lo awt a, politics-a inbeih nan pawh kan hmang awl lo. Mahse, he'ng hi nasa taka land alienation (tute'n emaw an chhuhsak avanga mahni ram hlo) thlen theitu a ni tih erawh kan ngaihtuah tel lo. Entirnan Dolok Banggo vela khaw 14, mi 5,000 vel chenna khuate chu tuikhuahin a tibuai dawn a, chung mite chuan Supreme Court thutluknain mahni khua an kalsan a ngai. Hetiang hian development project atana hman ramte hi a neitute'n an chhuahsan a ngai fo a ni.

Manipur-a Tamenglong District-a Tipaimukh Multi-Purpose Project, 1500 MW pechhuak thei tura chhut pawh hian tribal khua 16 a chim dawn a, a dang khaw 51 a nghawng cheu dawn bawk. Zeliangrong Naga leh Hmar ho chu a tuar nasa ber tur an ni. Mizoram khaw 13-te pawh tuikhuah hian a nghawng dawn a, Zofate zingah he tuikhuah avanga mahni ram chan tur an tam hle. Mahse, vawiin thlengin Mizoram sorkar chuan chutiang a la vei lo a, tuikhuahin Mizoram khaw 13 ram (a khua tak chu a chim dawn lo a) a chim dawn tih pawh kan hre peih lo niin a lang. Hmarchhak mipuite hi chutiang vel mai mai chu kan la ni a, 'development' kan tih hi kan chhiatpui chawk reng a ni. Kan awh em em Arunachal Pradesh pawh khu an la inchhir ngei ang.

India hian hetianga mahni ram chan tate chhawmdawlna leh enkawl zuina lamah (Ressetlement & Rehabilitation) dan mumal a nei lo, mimal ram/vantlang ram chu sorkarin a chhuhsak (acquire) tawp a, zangnadawmna a pe mawl leh tawp! Chu zawng chu. Planning Commission-in a chhinchhiah dan chuan 1951-1990 chhung khan hmasawnna hnathawh (development project) atana ram chhuhsak tawh mihring maktaduai 21.3 an awm. Researcher te erawhin hei hi an pawm lo hle a, a tlem berah maktaduai 40 turah an ngai ("Large Dams for Hydropower in Norteast India"). Mi maktaduai 21.3 pawh chu a tam tham ta reng reng mai; mi maktaduai 21.3 zinga za zela 40 chu Sheduled Tribe an ni. Chutiang chu thil kalphung a ni a, 'development' kan tih te, 'globalisation' kan tihte hi a inbengbel tawh hnamte tana hlawkna, a la inbengbel ve lo hnam mawl zawkte tawrhna thlentu a ni chawk.

'Eng nge mahni ram chan chu a pawi viauna? Sorkarin zangnadawmna a pe tho a, a thuhrimah thil reng reng hian hmai pahnih a nei a, hmasawnna a thlen theihnan te chuan tawrh ve pawh a ngai alawm," tih chu ngaihdan awm thei a ni. Chu ngaihdan chu a dik pawh a dik thawkhat. Builum khaw mipui, hmasawnna hnathawh avanga mahni inhmun lo ram chan tate chungchangah pawh chu chu mi tam tak ngaihdan a nih a rinawm. Mahse, chutiang a ni ngawt lo; Builum khaw mipuite hian zangnadawmna eng tianga tam pawh dawng se, tin, zangnadawmna an dawn tur zat chhuttute'n fair tak leh thianghlim takin engkim kalpui pawh ni se, mahni ram channa hian an nunah nghawng nasa tak a nei dawn reng reng.

Tipaimukh Multi-Purpose Project chungchang hi i'n sawi teh ang; hmasawnna hnathawh hi chhiatna thlentu a nih theih dan chu hemi chungchangah hian a chiang.

Manipur-a Tamenglong district-a Tipaimukh Multi-Purpose Project, 1500 MW pechhuak thei tura chhut hian tribal khua 16 a chim dawn a, a dang khaw 51 a nghawng cheu dawn bawk. Zeliangrong Naga leh Hmar ho chu a tuar nasa ber tur an ni. Zaliengrong ho hi helai hmunah hlim takin an cheng a, khawtlang nun nuam tak an nei. Pi leh pu atanga an lo luah tawh an ram leilung te chuan an nitin nun leh culture, rilru leh hawiher thlengin hmun a chang sang hle. Mahse, tuilian hian an culture, an hmanlai thawnthu leh hmanlai atanga an lo inrochun tawh an hnam thil tam tak a tichhe dawn (Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 36, No. 13, March 31-April 6, 2001). Chu chuan culture leh identity crisis a khawih a, chutiang chu hmarchhaka tharuma thawhna leh rawlrala chetna thlentu ber pakhat hi a ni.

Kan awh em em, Manipur-a Loktak tuikhuah khian electric current chu a siakchhuak teh meuh mai. Mahse, mi tam takin mahni ram an chan avanga thil tha lo a hrinchhuah hi a rapthlak tham hle. Khuareiah chuan an la inchhir mai thei. Tunah pawh a then chu an inchhir tawh.

Builum khawmite hian eng harsatna nge an la tawh zui dawn hriat a ni lo. Kumkhua pawha an hman sen loh tur sum leh pai dawng mah se pi leh pu atanga an lo inrochun tawh ram an chan dawn a, an nu leh pa, an pi leh pute an phumna hmun chu an hmu ngai tawh dawn lo. Tribal-te hi leilung nen hian kan inzawm thuk hle a, thingtlangmite phei chu leilung nen hian an inzawm thuk hle. Khawpui mite chuan lei hi an rap ngai lo a, thingtlang mite chuan kelawngin an rap thin. Chu chu an culture leh identity siamtu pawimawh a ni. Builum khawmite chuan an rah thin leilung kha an rap ngai tawh dawn lo. Chu chu electric current MW 12 nena thleng hi phu kan ti em?

Builum chu khaw te tak te a ni a, a mi chengte'n identity crisis an nei a nih pawhin Mizoram an tibuai pha lo turah kan ngai a ni mai thei. Mahse, mihring ve bawk, kan unaute an ni. An in leh lo leh ram hi cheng eng zat mahin a phu lo, hmasawnna hnathawh a tul avangin thuneitute'n an sawnchhuak mai a ni. Chutiang chiah chu tunlai khawvela thli a tleh dan pawh a ni. Mizoram sorkar hi 'globalisation' nen tehkhin ila, Builum khua hi hnam hnuaihnungte nen tehkhin thung ila. Mizoram sorkarin Serlui B Hydel Project siam tura Builum leh a chhehvel a hmuh dan ang vel hian 'globalisation' khawvel chuan keini hnam mawlte hi min hmu a ni. Kan ramah hian rel rawn tlanlut se an duh a, tuikhuah rawn siam te pawh an duh. Look East Policy pawh hlawhtling se an duh. Mahse, Builum khuain electric eng MW 12 leh an khua an thleng ang hian keini pawhin kan ram leh 'globalisation' khawvel kan thleng thei.

Hmarchhaka hydel project te hi a ram neitute'n an chhawr tak tak lo ti ila kan tisual tampui lo ang. Tuirial Hydel Project pawh hi lo puitling ta se a 'power' siakchhuah za zela 12 chiah kan chang dawn. Kan aia fingte'n thiam takin thuthlung (MoU) min siampui a, lungawi em emin kan rama an sumdawn kan lo phalsak tihna a ni. Tuirial Hydel Project vangin kan ramngaw tam tham tak tihchhiat a ni ang a, a satu leh enkawltu NEEPCO kutah ram engemaw zat kan hlan dawn bawk. Tichuan, he tuikhuahin electric power a siakchhuah 60MW atanga 12%, 7.2 MW vel lek kan chang ang! Chutiang chiah chuan Builum khaw mipuite dinhmun hi chhut ta ila, electric power 12MW neih nana ramngaw kan tihchhiat tur leh khua leh tuite'n mahni inhmun lo ram an chan tur hi inphu kan ti em?

Ram inchhuhsak (land alienation) vang hian, sawi tawh angin hmarchhak hian buaina leh harsatna namen lo tak kan tawk a, mahse, vawiin thlengin kan la harhchhuak lo.

Tripura pawh kum 30 chhung vel zet chu hetiang buaina hian a lo chiah tawh thin. 1960 chhovah khan Bangladesh atangin raltlan an lut teuh mai a, tribal ho ram zaa 60 vel zet an luah nguk mai. Hei hi Gumti dam siam lai a ni. He tuikhuah hian ram 46.34 sq. km vel zet a chim a, a nghawng phak mipuite duh lo chung chunga sak a ni.

Globalisation khawvel hian hmarchhak hi kan inpeih hmain min nuai a, kan buai ta nuai nuai mai a nih hi. Hmarchhak kawngkapui tia sawi, Guwahati ngei pawh hi a neitu dik nekchhuahna hmun a ni; hmasawnna hnathawh avangin a ram neitute'n mahni ram an chan zel a, pemlutte khawpui a lo ni ta.

Lang chiang ta chu - hmasawnna hna thawh a nih reng rengin a ram neitu dik, 'indigenous' te'n pawimawhna an nei tur a ni tih hi a ni. Tunlaia kan thil kalpui dan hi chu a kalkhat hle, zalen leh inhawng taka indawr a awm lo a, a lehlamah a ram neitute chungah dan lekkawh a ni ringawt a, an nitin khawsak chungchangah pawh Aw an nei thei lo. He kalphung hi thlak ngei ngei a ngai.

Kan inkaihhruai mekna tih danglama, lungawina tawk zangnadawmna inpek a tul hle bawk. Inchhawmdawlna leh inenkawl zuina lamah tanlak a ngai hle. Dan leh thupek hmang ringawt ni lo, hmangaihna leh inzahna hmanga indawr a tul a ni.

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