Manipur-a Zofate zinkawng

¢ Vanlalremruata Tonson

An tan mi thar ka nih leh nih loh ka hre lo a, ka tan chuan mi thar an ni lo. Ka va bia a, kan lo inhriat tawhna hrechhuak thei khawpin thil an hre rei thei niin ka hria. India ram university hmingthang Jawaharlal Nehru University leh Delhi University chhuakte an ni. Zo hnahthlak inpumkhatna chungchang sawi turah ka lo dah ngai lo. University atang hian hnam rilru a chhuak thin tih chu ka hre ve a, Naga human rights movement pawh JNU atanga chhuak a ni tih an sawi pawh ka beng chuan a hre tawh. Zo hnahthlakte tan chuan university atang hian 'employment' bak beisei tur a awm dawn lo a ni awm mang e, ka ti thin. University leh zirna in dangahte Zofa chhuanawm tak tak chanchin ka hre ve fo. Hlawh tam tak neiin hna an thawk a, an changkang hle tih bak an chanchin ka hre zui vak thin lo. A then phei chu an hnathawhnaah a 'corrupt' pawla sawite an ni thin.

Mahse, October ni 22-23 chhunga Manipur thingtlang khaw pakhat Songtal-a Zomi Human Rights Foundation (ZHRF)-in "Challenges and Issues Facing Indigenous People" tih thupui hmanga seminar an huaihawtah chuan tawngkam thiam thu ni lovin an zir thiamna leh hriatna atangin Zo hnahthlakte thendarh kan lo nih dan leh insuihkhawm leh a tulzia te, British sorkar leh India sorkarin min en dante an khel a, an hre thuk hle.

Zo hnahthlakte Bangladesh, Burma leh India-a thendarh chungchang chu seminar-a resource person-te sawi tam ber pakhat a ni. Zo hnahthlakte indigenous people kan nih chungchang pawh an sawi uar hle. "Indigenous Tribal Peoples: A Historical Study of Zo Struggle" tih buatsaihtu Dr David Vumlianlal Zou chuan "Chin-Lushai Conference 1892"-in Zo hnahthlakte rorelna pakhat hnuaia dahkhawm chu British administrator-te'n mahni hma an sial lutuk avangin tihhlawhtlin a ni ta lo tih hemi chungchanga research lo bei tawhtu Dr Pum Khan Pau chuan hmuchhuakin Indian Historical Review 34(1)-ah "Administrative Rivalries on a Frontier: Problem of the Chin-Lushai Hills" tiin a lo chhuah tawh tih a tarlang a, chu chu Government of India Act 1935 hian a nemnghet leh ta niin a sawi. Hemi chungchangah hian "The Idea of India" tih ziaktu Sunil Khilani tawngkam hawhin, "A shared ancestral territory got severed by the hasty scrawl of an imperial pen between India and Burma" (Pi leh pute atanga an ram chu India leh Burma thentu roreltute pen vangin hmanhmawh leh fimkhur lo takin a rin phel ta a ni) a ti.

British administrator-te avanga Chin-Lushai Conference 1892 tihhlawhtlin a nih loh chungchangah "Imagining Community beyond Tribes: The Way Ahead" tih paper ziaktu Dr L Lam Khan Piang pawhin Zo hnahthlakte thendarhna bul intanna a ni, a ti. Ani chuan Zo hnahthlakte hi Burma atanga Mizoram, Manipur leh hmung hrang hranga pem ta anga sawi chu a pawm lo a, hnam a thanga chuvangin Zo hnahthlakte chu an tai darh ta a ni zawk, a ti.

Indigenous rights chungchangah Lam Khan Piang chuan ram leilung fate'n ram leh leilung hausakna chi hrang hrangah thuneihna an neihna tur a nih avangin he rights hi tribal-te neih tir ve loh tumna a lian hle niin a sawi. Tribal-te'n he rights an neih ve theih lohna turin tawngkam 'adivasi' tih chu anthropologist leh sociologist te zingah pawh hmang duh zawk an tam thu a sawichhuak. Hetih rual hian anthropology-ah chuan indigenous tih leh tribe tihte chu thil thuhmun ang renga hman a nih thin thu a sawi bawk. International Labour Organisation (ILO)-in a vawi khatna atan 1957 khan indigenous rights chungchanga convention an nei a, ILO Convention 107 tia sawi niin India pawhin a pawm nghe nghe. Convention chu 1989 khan hnam tenau zawkte chimral an nihna kawnga humhim an nih theihna turin ennawn niin, ILO Convention 169 tia sawi a ni a, India chuan a pawm ve duh ta lo a ni. India chuan tribal-te hi hnam lian zawkah lutin an ral thin (India chu culture hrang hrang melting pot a ni) tih changchawiin ILO Convention 169 chu a pawm ve duh ta lo tih a tarlang a. Hemi chungchanga India tanchhan hi Scheduled Tribes thliarhranna chungchanga Backward Commission Report 1955 nen a inkalh tih pawh a tarlang bawk.

India hruaitute chuan zalenna an sual laiin self-determination thuthlung (ILO Convention 169-in a sawi) hi an thlawp nain indepedent hnua hruaitute chuan hemi chungchanga international convention chu an pawm duh ve ta lo a ni, Lam Khan Piang chuan a ti nghe nghe.

UN Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples hi India chuan a pawm a, mahse, he thupuan hian ram awmsa thendarh nana hman tur a nih loh thu a sawi thung.

Indigenous chungchangah hian David Vumlianlal chuan tribal-te humhalh an ngaih thu hi Verrier Elwin-a'n The Aboriginals tih lehkhabu a ziak a tanga rawn intan a nih ber thu a sawi. India nationalist-te chuan an duh lo hle a, sociologist lar tak Prof GS Ghurye chuan "The Aborigines – So Called – and Their Future" tih ziakin a chhang zui nghal niin a sawi. Prof Ghurye chuan tribal-te chu Hindu hnufual zual leh Hindu huangchhunga la lut tur angin a sawi a ni. India independent hnuah hian nationalist ethnographer reng reng chuan indigenous tribe leh India society lian zawk chu sawi zawm an tum tang tang niin David chuan a sawi a. Indigenous culture chu little tradition tia sawiin Indian (Hindu tihna) tradition-a la lut tho tur angin an sawi thin niin a sawi. Hei hi indigenous peoples chuan an tuar hle niin a sawi bawk.

1980 chhoa Sulbeltern Studies a rawn lar chhoh khan tribal-te'n ngaihsak an hlawh ve deuh hnuah pawh Subaltern historian lar tak Sumit Sarkar chuan tribal-te danglam mah se politics thlenga India mipui nawlpui laka hrang hrangah an inngai tur a ni lo, a la tih tang tang thu David chuan a tarlang.

Indian society-ah hian Sanskritization tih tih a awm a, chu chu Hindu society-a caste hniam zawkte'n an khawsakna leh dinhmun a lo changkan hnua caste sang zawk an zawm thin sawina a ni. Caste hniam zawkte chu caste sang zawkah chho zel tura ngaih a ni a, tribal-te pawhin lonei (peasant caste) an zawm ang a, chumi hnuah caste sang zawk an kaichho ve zel dawn niah an ngai a ni. Tribal-te hi sakhua nei mumal lo animist-ah ngaih tlat an ni a, hei hi mahnia sakhua lo nei ve tawh Zo hnahthlakte sawi nan chuan rem thei lo mah se indigenous rights chhawr thei lo tura dan behna hmanrua tha tak chu a lo ni thin tlat a ni. David-a chuan Zo hnahthlakte sakhaw hming chu Sakhua niin a sawi a, saptawnga a ziaknaah paw Sakhua religion a ti ngat a ni. Hnam nih phung pangngai la ni lo, nakina an lo changkan ve deuh huna India mipui nawlpui nena an inchiahpiah huna Hindu caste pakhata bet mai tur, chumi hnuah Sanskritization luipuiin a lak tel ve tur ang deuha ngaihna a awm a ni.

Post-colonial period-ah pawh South Asia ramte chuan indigenous rights hi a thuphung chuan an pawm ve tak nain a tak takah chuan an thil tih dan nen a inkalh fo niin David Vumlianlal chuan a sawi.

"Post colonial nation-states increasingly realize that they cannot afford hot wars between states, but thei are engaged in cold wars with indigenous peoples and minority nationalities that are fielding resistance forces," a ti (Ram leh ram indo chu an tlin lo tih an hrechiang telh telh a, chutih lai chuan anmahni khingtu indigenous peoples leh hna tenau zawkte chu a rukin (cold war-in) an bei reng tho).

India, Bangladesh leh Pakistan te chu khawvela mihring tamna ber ram 10 zingah an tel tih sawiin David-a chuan hmasawnna tak tak kalpui nan thil tul natural resources chu indigenous peoples te luah ramah hian a awm si a, Bangladesh leh Pakistan phei chu indigenous laka an chet danah hian sawisel an ni fo tih a sawi. Bangladesh chungchang a sawi zuinaah Bernard Q Nietschmann, University of California Berkeley sawi dan, "The outward movement of lowland Bengali people has long been a demographic reality and threat to the adjacent nations of hill peoples such as Assamese (India) and the Chakmas (Chittagong Hill Tracts)," a ti. (Phaizawla cheng Bengali mipuite tawlhchhuak hi an an thenawm tlang rama cheng Assamese (India) leh Chakma (Chittagong Hill Tracts) te tan chuan thil hlauhawm a ni tak tak tawh).

Nietschmann-a'n hemi chungchang sawi nan Fourth World (indigenous peoples a sawina) a hmang tih sawiin David chuan University of California Berkeley mithiam thusawi chu hetiang hian a chhawp chhuak bawk:

"Third World Colonialism has replaced European colonialism as the principal global force that tries to subjugate indigenous peoples… Invasion and occupation of indigenous nations once done by foreiogn white expansionist are now done by foreign brown expansionist power… Most Fourth World indigenous nations have maintains the quality of lands, waters and resources while Third World states have not. Systems that do work are being destroyed to prolong systems that don't work. Over one-half of the world's conflicts are being fought over Fourth World geography, not East-West politics, or North-South economics. The development and modernization of Third World states is heavily dependent upon the invasion and annexation of Fourth World nations."

(Third World-in mi ram an va awp chu Europe hovin mi ram an va awp thin thlakna a lo ni a, chu chu indigenous rah beh tum dan lar ber a ni… Tun hmain pawnlammi- mingo ram zauh duhtute'n indigenous hnamte an run a, an thuhnuaia an dah thin ang chu pawn lam mi mibuangte'n an ti ta a ni… Fourth World indigenous hnamte chuan an leilung, tui leh hausakna dang awmte an tichhe lo deuh vek a, Third World erawh chuan chungte chu an vawnhim sak ve lo. An kalphung tangkai takte chu kalphung tangkai loin a tichhe tlat. Khawvela buaina zahve chu Fourth World-a thleng a ni a, East-West politics a ni lo va, North-South economics a ni hek lo. Third World ramte hmasawnna leh tunlai khawvel ruala ke an penna chu Fourth Wolrd hnamte an run leh an lakah hian a innghat a ni).

Hemi chungchangah hian India-ah chuan indigenous peoples nena an kar boruak tang lutuk tur chu Sixth Schedule hian eng emaw chenah chuan a veng nain a chang chuan India hian indigenous tribal-te chu a palzut deuh thin - Nehru hun lai pawh khan Naga buaina chu sipai chakna nen beih vak a ni tih David chuan a sawi. Mizoram buaina chungchangah Indira Gandhi hun lai khan India chuan hetiang tho hian thil a kalpui a nih kha.

Sixth Schedule-ah hian an hnam nunphunga India mite nena inzawmna neite leh indigenous tribal-te inchen pawlhna Tripura leh Manipur chu huam tel a ni lo va, chu chu tribal chuan an tuar tih David chuan a tarlang bawk. Hemiah pawh hian India nationalist-ten tribal-te chimralna remchang an zawn dan chu a hriatthiam theih a ni.

Postcolonial vanduaina chuan Manipur Zohnahthlakte chu a thendarh ta nuai a, tawng thuah pawh an lung a rual thei ta lo. Hmun dangah chuan Kristian-na avanga ziak leh chhiar lama hmasawnna lo awm chuan indigenous people te thuikhawm turin tawng vawrh bik a nei. Khasi zingah chuan British administrator-te hian Shella tawng chu hmansak mah se Welsh missionary-te tawng hman Sohra chu lehkha ziak nana an hman ber a ni. Mizo zingah chuan Lusei tawng hi missionary-te'n an han chawivul a, lalho tawng hman ber a ni bawk a, a remchang hle. Mahse, awptu hrang hrang hnuaia awm Zo hnahthlak zingah hrang hrang atangin Bible chu tawng chi hrang hranga lehlin a lo ni a, tawng khata luan zana tur chu a phirsi ta ni-ah David-a paper atang hian ngaihdan a siam theih.

Missionary-te khan ziak lamah tan an la a, chanchinbute an lo siam a. An chanchinbu siam chu hnam bil tan a ni lo a, chuvangin Zo nihna pawh an lo tuh nghet nghet hman viau niin David-a chuan a sawi bawk.

Paper present-tu dang S Thangkhangin Ngaihte chuan Manipur-a Zohnahthlakte chuan an rights hi tu sorkar hnenah mah an la pe lo a, India sorkar emaw Manipur sorkar emaw hnuaia awm tur pawhin thuthlung an la siam ngai lo niin a sawi. |awng chungchanga paper present-tu S Dal Sian Pau chuan linguist-te ngaihdanah chuan Zo hnahthlak tawng hrang hrangte hi tawng pakhat vek a ni a, an zirtirtute chuan tawng chi hrang hrang anga a awm nuai mai chu mak an ti zawk thin niin a sawi. Zohnahthlakte tan tawng pakhat a lo chhuah ngei a rin thu a sawi bawk.

Mithiam hrang hrangte chuan Zo hnahthlakte inpumkhatna chungchang hi an sawi uar ber ni maiin ka hria a, Mizoramah chuan lehkhathiamin indigenous people chungchang hi ngaihven turah an ngai tlat lo thung niin ka hre bawk. UN-in Indigenous Rights chungchanga thupuan a neih te pawh hi suangtuahna leh duhthusam thil, a taka chang tur awm tak tak lo niah an ngai hlawm ber niin kan hria. Ka va telna seminar-ah erawh chuan mithiamte indigenous rights chungchangte an sawi a, an dinhmunin a zir lo a, ngaihtuah lo thei lo dinhmunah an ding a nih pawhin kei chuan nationalism chu truth lo la lang chhuak tur a nih dan tarlangtu niah ka ngai mai.

Thusawitu hrang hrang hian an thusawiah Zohnahthlak pum huam tumin Mizoram pawh an lam tel fo nain an rahbi hmasa ber tur chu Manipur-a Zohnahthlakte an damkhawchhuak theih nana Zomi emawa intelkhawm a nih ka ring. Seminar huaiawttute leh ka kal ve theihna tura ruahmanna min siamsaktu pawh Zomi Human Rights Foundation an ni. Tichuan hmun hrang hrangah Zo hnamte chu an indigenous rights chan ngei tumin an thawk suau suau ang a, hmun thenkhatah chuan Zomi, a thenah Mizo, Chin etc hmingtein an che hlawm ang a, a tawpah Zo chu an kheuh chhuak dawn niin ka ring ta ber.

Mi chuan lehlama Chin, lehlama Mizo, lehlama Zomi etc chu inthendarhna lam hawiah an ngai ngei ang, ka thlir venaah chuan inthendarh hlen tak tak tur chuan thil eng emaw tak nghawng nei na deuh a awm ka ring. Manipur-ah an inhlawmkhawm theih hma chuan hnem tenau chi hrang hrangin an lo inthen thin a, chumi hman chuan an Zo nihna theuh an lo vawnghim tawh a, tunah chuan a aia lian zawk Zomi-ah an inhlawm khawm tan dawn ni berin ka hmu. Mizoram leh Manipur ramri thiat thei tur khawpa an la tangho thei a nih chuan Zo an hnaih tawh viau awm mang e, ka ti a. Kan han kalna seminar-ah pawh Phurhhlan siamin ke an pen dawn tan chauh niah ka ngai a nih chu.

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